Social factors of linguistic changes in economic terminology
The time in which we live is the time of the loss of old economic dogmas, the time of new professions, the time of the formation of a new economic culture. The magic word "market", sounded at the first congresses of people's deputies, symbolized this turn in economic development. It was followed by a whole avalanche of new "economic" words - chronological markers of the ongoing changes. Economic terminology has swept the boundaries of traditional narrow professional use.
She generously spilled out on book trays in the form of numerous topical publications on management and marketing, leasing and consulting, accounting and auditing, and many others. etc., sounded in oral speech on radio and television. In conditions of inflation, the “dollar rate” has become no less relevant information than the weather report. Most of the key economic terms have been "heard" by a significant part of society. They became material for linguistic jokes, played on the stage, mastered in casual everyday speech, without becoming more understandable for many in their economic essence.
The fact that the actively emerging economic term system addresses our current reality requires some general preliminary remarks of a non-linguistic nature concerning the essence of the ongoing economic changes, since the interdisciplinary nature of the object under study in a certain way dictates the possibilities of its own linguistic interpretation.
These days are not only the time of the formation of a new model of the economy, another attempt by Russia to embark on the path of European development. This is the time of comprehension and typological description of the outgoing economic reality - societies of the same type of economic structure, that is, the description of the phenomena that have received the names of the administrative-command system, state socialism, barracks communism, as well as, depending on the specific country - Stalinism, Polpotovism, Maoism. etc. The conceptualization of empirical descriptions is accompanied by a search for fruitful methodological techniques that make it possible to identify general sociological patterns and historical invariants.
- an equivalent exchange based on the law of value, that is, the commodity-money type, or "market". The market is an economic structure of the “horizontal” type.
- unequal exchange, based on the withdrawal by non-economic, power-political methods of a surplus and part of the necessary product and its subsequent redistribution, i.e. redistribution. Redistribution is an economic structure of a "vertical" type. (Within the framework of Karl Marx's concept, this phenomenon appears under the term "Asian mode of production", which has not regional but economic content.)
The market and redistribution underlie different models of social development - European and Asian. Societies with market and redistributive economies are largely antonymic, characterized by different political and mental structures, different roles and functions of the state.
The market model is characterized by classical private property, that is, when all three property relations - use, ownership and disposal - are projected onto one owner. The European paradigm of social development is characterized by the presence of subjects of property independent of the state and the economic classes that arise on this basis, which form civil society. At the same time, the state is one of the elements of the political superstructure.
The essence of the objectively inevitable changes taking place in today's Russian society boils down to replacing the “vertical” redistributive economic system with a “horizontal” market one.
The freely established horizontal ties of commodity owners generated by commodity-money relations determine the essence of the economic structure of the market type, when each person is the subject of property and, therefore, the subject of law. Thus, the market economy is extremely subject-oriented. (6.68)
In redistributive structures, horizontal equality ties are replaced by vertical-pyramidal subordination ties. The system operates on impulses coming from above in the form of orders, orders and appeals (cf. the corresponding phraseological units - to lower the plan, give a command). From below there are reports, reports, and labor initiatives are usually initiated from above. That is, in contrast to the market, the redistributive economy turns out to be object-oriented.
The transition from a politicized directive economy to a market economy is accompanied by a painful process of loss of values and norms traditional for the Soviet economy. In market conditions, each person is forced to become an “economist against their will,” that is, learn to count, analyze, predict, look for ways to survive in an unstable situation. New values, new criteria for success, computational psychology as an inevitable element of "market behavior" form new stereotypes of economic behavior 7and their assessment in the mass consciousness. Compare, for example, intermediary services, previously assessed exclusively as speculation: “The concept of an intermediary, new for Soviet reality, has entered the vocabulary of business communication. Someone took it with caution - something like a reseller or a speculator "(Small business. Supplement to the newspaper" Manager ". No. 3 (6), May, 1999).
The formation of a market economy presupposes the revival of the lost stereotypes of economic behavior: the sale and purchase of goods on the free market, commerce, renting at interest, lease relations, trade intermediation, etc. "Bargaining". Compare, for example, numerous examples reflecting this situation in Russian life in the pre-Soviet period, which are contained in the book of the everyday writer Yevgeny. Ivanov "Apt Moscow word". In particular, he testifies: “One of the wealthiest people in Moscow, the collector Bakhrushin, loved to bargain like a merchant” (this is followed by a description of this “procedure” with a characteristic set of behavioral stereotypes) [17, 98]. In Soviet times, free bargaining was possible only on the collective farm market, "Black" market, and even in a fairly limited range of economic situations (for example, renting out residential premises, in particular summer cottages).
Sources: https://kitabnagri.pk/